Key Concepts in Health Promotion Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In the UK, approximately 2.6 million people live with the disease and an estimated 2 million people are affected by angina (a common symptom of the coronary heart disease). The disease affects more men than women and older people at a risk of developing the disease (Directgov 2010, p1). Coronary heart disease refers to what occurs when the heart’s blood supply is interrupted or blocked by the build up of the fatty substances in the coronary arteries. With time, the arteries are filled up with the fatty deposits (they are also known as atheroma), a process known as atherosclerosis. If the coronary arteries become thin due to the atheroma build up, then the heart blood supply is restricted and this causes angina (chest pains). When the coronary artery becomes completely blocked, it leads to heart attack (myocardial infarction) (Directgov 2010, p1). Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease The treatment of coronary heart disease is dependent on its seriousness. There are a number of treatments that are available and the best treatment option is surgery or angioplasty. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Concepts in Health Promotion or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now There are a number of medications available for the treatment of coronary heart disease. The main aim of the medicines is to prevent the coronary heart disease from getting worse or to stop further heart attacks. The following are examples of such medicines: Aspirin (an anti-platelet medicine) – the intake of 75mg of aspirin as a daily dose reduces the likelihood of the blood to form clots and thus reducing the risk of developing heart attack. Statins (cholesterol lowering medicine) – the medicine slows down the atherosclerosis process. Beta-blockers – these medicines reduce the blood pressure and the intensity of the work done by the heart. Calcium channel blockers – they widen and relax the arteries. Anticoagulants – they prevent the formation of blood clots. ACE inhibitors – they lower the blood pressure and they are commonly used in individuals with heart attack or heart failure. Nitrates- they relax the coronary arteries and permit more blood to reach the heart. Anti-arrhythmic medicines – they assist in the control of the heart rhythm. There are non-surgical treatments available such as the coronary angioplasty; the process involves the passage of a collapsed balloon through the blood vessels until it arrives at the heart arteries, the balloon is inflated to widen the narrowed coronary artery. Surgical treatment involves taking a piece of a blood vessel from the leg or the chest and utilizes it to bypass the coronary artery that has been narrowed by the fatty deposits; the bypass allows the heart to access more blood.

Minority Serving Institutions and the American Education...

Minority serving institutions have been an integral part of the education system in the United States since before the Civil War (LeMelle, 2002). Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have, for much of their existence, been criticized for the level of academic rigor, political context, and their social agenda have created controversy for generations. With that being said, HBCUs hold a valuable place in the landscape of US higher education institutions. The culture, history, and perspective that is taught and shared are unparalleled and cannot be replicated at a predominately white institution (PWI). The Higher Education Act of 1965 gave opportunities for educational advancement and financial aid programs to previously disadvantaged students (Roebuck, 1993). This meant that underrepresented minorities were then granted access to colleges and universities which they were previously not permitted. As PWIs were increasing underrepresented minority enrollment in the 1960s, HBCUs were gaining strength. Financial aid and accrediting bodies were paying closer attention to the needs of these institutions; more and more students were enticed to enroll in higher education and seek otherwise impossible opportunities. HBCUs face significant challenges. When compared to PWIs, HBCUs are more likely to have students which are from low-income environments, be the first in their families to attend college, or need developmental courses (Rios, 2008). These challenges thatShow MoreRelatedMinority Serving Institutions ( Msis )1415 Words   |  6 PagesMinority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) serves to provide a college education for citizens across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences that were excluded from higher education throughout the United States History. Minority-Serving Institutions work towards producing superior results with fewer resources while being evaluated using the same accreditation standards as prestigious majority public and private instit utions (Fester, 2012, p. 816). Minority-Serving Institutions are represented byRead MoreThe Male Student Of Color1497 Words   |  6 Pagesone of many college and universities around the country most at risk population. Institutions around the country are looking for innovating ways to keep this population engaged and enrolled. In order to improve retention and success rates of the male of color, administrators at Cuyahoga Community College created the Minority Male Initiative to provide high quality student support services to this population. The Minority Male Initiative at Cuyahoga Community College was created in the summer of 2010Read MoreIs Diversity Is The Great Issue Of Our Time ( Macdeo, 2000, P.1 ) Essay887 Words   |  4 Pageshigher education sector, underrepresented social groups are far behind than their counter parts White and Asian students. Among 18 to 24 years old student groups enrolled in college by 2004, the highest access was 60.3 per cent in Asian/Pacific Is lander and 41.7 per cent were in whites. However, in the same age group, statistics were depressing in underrepresented minorities; 31.8 per cent were in African American, 24.7 per cent were in Hispanic and the lowest were 24.4 per cent in American Indian/AlaskaRead MoreThe Importance Of Meeting The Needs Of A Minority Group954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe needs of a minority group. Tuskegee University, the first black college, did such a thing (Booker, G.). However, with the increase of education catering and specializing to students of minorities, the way subjects were taught had to change as well. Overall, secondary education played a major role in how America developed. Education is the foundation on how a society learns and operates. From humble beginnings when only the elite, white males were able to obtain an education to when schoolsRead MorePersonal Statement : How I Got A Nice Car And A Good Family Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pageswas by a fortunate encounter that I met someone that turned me in the direction of higher education. It was then I felt that I had found my direction but I still did not know specifically in what. I would try to speak with other in higher education. Most of the people I spoke again did not look like me or were females in lower managerial position. I had noticed that there was a low amount of African American Males that were in senior management position. It was not until I was getting close to graduateRead MoreThe Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory Booker, the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap star Jay-Z have achieved positions of power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier, Appelbaum, Carr). However, today blacks and other minorities are still more likely to live in poverty, be killed by the police, attend poor schools, andRead MoreHow Should Tuition Inflation Be The Central Cause? Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesWays to Improve California Community Colleges Introduction From the politician to the student, everyone agrees that education is key in creating upward mobility, but the community colleges in California are turning out to ineffective in serving the students that need them the most. There is a huge conflict on what type of changes need to be implemented to reform the community colleges, but as with most debates and no central consensus, nothing is being done about the community colleges in CaliforniaRead MoreAddress Racial Inequalities : Past And Present1247 Words   |  5 Pageslevels. I will also show which policies have had an impact on minorities in contributing to greater equality. For racial inequality at the personal level, I chose to look at the perception of racial inequalities through the eyes of white America. First I wanted to address the idea of color blind racism. Bonilla-Silva explains how white America believes that â€Å"the nation is beyond race†¦.and believes they have nothing to do minorities issues with racial inequality.† When whites are asked aboutRead MoreHistory of African Americans and Higher Education Essay example1188 Words   |  5 PagesFor blacks, the history of higher education typically points to segregated education. Before the Civil War, the social system promoted the belief that blacks wouldn’t get return on their time spent in higher education. Brown and Ricard (2007) noted that most North institutions were reluctant to allow black enrollment in colleges and universities, and in the South, where slaveholder’s were still powerhouse businessmen, slaves would never be allowed to become more educated than their owners. The reluctanceRead MoreBrown V Board of Education: 19541597 Words   |  7 PagesBrown v Board of Education: 1954 In 1954 the Supreme Court justices made a ruling on what I believe to be one of the most important cases within American history, Brown v Board of Education. There were nine Justices serving in the case of Brown v Board of Education this was the court of 1953-1954. This court was formed Monday, October 5, 1953 and Disbanded Saturday, October 9, 1954. Chief Justice, Earl Warren, Associate Justices, Hugo L. Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas

Immanuel Kant And David Hume - 847 Words

Mary Midgley critically analyzes philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume, and argues that they have greatly influenced our way of thinking. She quotes G.R. Grice, in which he states that not all classes have natural rights, and questions just what rights and duties, by an extension, are. By delving into the thoughts of John Stuart Mill and Kant, she formulates her own arguments and contends that duties should be applied to everything and everyone around us. She stresses that that a person is responsible to everything, from another human being to an inanimate object. She then separates these duties into five different sectors: the human, animal, inanimate, comprehensive, and miscellaneous (such as oneself and God). Using this chart, she demonstrates that it is quite easy for one to exclude minorities when you only look at a portion of the scale and refuse to examine the entire image. Furthermore, she makes a very clear distinction that we should not have duties towards these inanimate sectors because we must personify them, but rather because these objects contain value to those who are animate. Therefore, she concludes that we all have to duties to these sectors, not just in concerns of them. In regards to Midgley’s interpretation of duties, I personally agree with it. There is a truth in her claim in which there are duties and obligations between both symmetrical and asymmetrical pairs. We must not always consider that our only duties are towards other humanShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume And Immanuel Kant964 Words   |  4 Pages David Hume and Immanuel Kant argue about the origin of something nearly everyone agrees on, our actions are a result of reason. Hume holds the idea that actions, when cut down to their core, are a result of the universal feelings that a species shares. Kant’s counterargument is that actions, when not done as a means to an end or faculty of desire, are done from duty and only such have true moral worth. He goes on to define good will with and without limitations, and separates the duties towardsRead MoreIs David Hume Or Immanuel Kant?1428 Words   |  6 PagesWas David Hume or Immanuel Kant more virtuous in their ethical philosophy? First we must understand what these ethical writings were for each modern philosopher. Both Hume and Kant were very influential philosophers during their lifetime, they have also disagreed on many ideas they argue for. We will be focusing specifically on their ethical philosophies to determine which philosopher, if any, would be considered to be more virtuous. In order to answer this question, we must answer a few otherRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have someRead MoreKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pageschoices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these two thereRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesopinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at the University of Edinburgh; here he studies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked about the problems of thoughtful philosophy (Hampshire 105). However, the public ignored this important piece of work making Hume feel like he wasRead MoreThe Age of Reason1424 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: To discuss the philosophers who participated and had an affect in The Age of Reason. OUTLINE I. David Hume A. Contributions to the Age of Reason B. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences Read MoreKant And Hume On Morality Essay1952 Words   |  8 Pagesrelationship between Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and David Hume (1711-1776) is a source of wide spread fascination’ (Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Kant and Hume on Morality). Purpose of this essay is to provide Immanuel Kant’s claims on sympathy and David Hume’s assessment on it, backed up by their reasoning’s. By doing so, strong argument will separately be provided from both sides and the task then is to present my personal opinion on whose argument seems more compelling. David Hume’s assessmentRead MoreEssay On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises1395 Words   |  6 Pagesmammoth rather successfully are Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The backbone of Kant’s moral philosophy is what he calls the â€Å"categorical imperative.† In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant uses the preface and the first section to introduce and develop the idea, and then in the second section finally states it for the first time: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† (Kant, Grounding for the MetaphysicsRead MorePersonal Identity : David Hume1133 Words   |  5 Pageshead. David Hume dedicated a portion of his philosophy in the attempts to finally put what he saw as a fallacious claim concerning the soul to rest. In the skeptical wake of Hume, German idealist, beginning with Immanuel Kant, were left with a variety of epistemic and metaphysical problems, the least of which was personal identity. David Hume was a Scottish empiricist who became renowned as a philosopher for his metaphysical skepticism and his account of the mind. Born in the 18th century, Hume followsRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the play, decisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are

Religion in Shakespeare - 1024 Words

The religion of William Shakespeare is a subject about which very few people have a complete understanding. His plays and poems contain an almost overwhelming number of biblical references and allusions to biblical thinking, which can be seen as either Protestant or Catholic in understanding. His concealment of various understandings and interpretations of religious ideology make it difficult to ascertain his own religious beliefs, however, through further analysis of [insert names of plays], once can begin to understand the socioeconomic issues he sought to raise through his biblical allusions. Sandra Hole’s The Background of Divine Action in King Lear comments on how the play â€Å"is a religious rather than a secular play in the sense that its real focus is not on the hero but on the background of divine action.† (Hole, 217) A lot of Shakespeare’s plays are set in religious environments were allusions to Protestant and Catholic doctrines reflect Britainâ€℠¢s religious stance in that period of time. The original source material for King Lear, The moste famous Chronicle historye of Leire king of England and his Three Daughters, was abandoned, with Shakespeare’s play being set in pre-Christian Britain. This may be indicative of Shakespeare’s desire to reduce the characters to basic states of religious or atheistic belief, so as to question religion itself. The characters in Shakespeare’s King Lear are represented as belonging to varying degrees of religious beliefs, fromShow MoreRelated Essay on Religion in the Works of William Shakespeare1720 Words   |  7 PagesReligion in the Works of Shakespeare       The purpose of this essay is to explore the religious nature of William Shakespeares plays. This essay covers three topics surrounding Shakespeares work: the religious climate of 16th Century England, Shakespeares upbringing (school, parents, Stratford itself), and a brief introduction into the impact his society and upbringing had upon his work.    I. THE RELIGIOUS CLIMATE OF 16TH CENTURY ENGLAND    In order to understand the religiousRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare : Religion Is A Key Theme865 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, religion is a key theme in the play. Throughout the play Hamlet struggles with trying to avenge his fathers death, and how that would impact his and other’s standing with God. The relationship Hamlet has with God plays into the way he responds to certain things. Hamlets actions are impacted by religion, and Hamlet stops and thinks about his actions and thoughts and how that would impact his stance in heaven. In Hamlet religion plays a vital role in Hamlet’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Morality And Religion1442 Words   |  6 PagesMorality Religion in â€Å"Hamlet† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet,† the prince of Denmark embarks on a quest of revenge against his Uncle Claudius, the new king, for the assassination of his father. In the beginning, Hamlet was contemplating suicide with the news of his father’s sudden death and the quick marriage of his mother, Gertrude and Uncle Claudius, but decides not to by virtue of being a sin. In the play â€Å"Hamlet,† Shakespeare examines the role of suicide in morality and religion providingRead MoreElements of Religion in the Renaissance Portrayed in Hamlet by William Shakespeare751 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Religion in the Renaissance Portrayed in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Literature of the Renaissance was far different from that of the previous eras. Man was now thought of as the center of life, as opposed to God being the center in earlier times. Also, man was thought to have free will over his life, not being simply a pawn of the Gods. These new ideals were presented in the theaters as well as written literature. The esteemed WilliamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet Religion And The Self851 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet-Religion and The Self in 1600 In 1600 Europe had abandoned the ideas and teachings of Catholic Christianity and began having a Protestant view on the world. When Protestants changed their worldview they rejected the idea of purgatory, causing a key foundation of their new religion. The Protestant Worldview and reaction of it can be reflected in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this time of religious and spiritual changes many people are very confused which can be closely related to PrinceRead MoreEssay on Imperfect Faith in The Merchant of Venice891 Words   |  4 Pages      Ã‚   Though William Shakespeare accurately portrays both Christianity and Judaism in his play The Merchant of Venice, the characters in the play do not represent their religions well. A reader unfamiliar with these religions could easily misinterpret flaws in a characters nature as the teachings of his religion. After a preliminary glance at the play, one would assume that Shakespeare wrote unjustly of the two religions depicted therein. However, Shakespeare had to write the play to pleaseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Morality Of Hamlet- Sweet Prince Or Arrant Knave Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pages the purpose of religion during Elizabethan times to set moral value sets that often conflicted with man’s nature. Additionally, Cruttwell states the actions in the play aggressively clash with the religious values of the time period. Shakespeare illustrates throughout the play that not abiding by the only moral structure of the time period, religion, man is doomed to self destruction by giving into his chaotic Dionysian nature. Shakespeare sets up this necessity for religion in Laertes’ monologueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Play That Contains Frequent Meditations On Suicide Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe question† (Shakespeare 3.1.56). Audiences know Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play that contains frequent meditations on suicide, yet despite suicide’s obvious religious connections, audiences do not often consider how religion as a whole functions within the play. This lack of awareness partially results from the subtlety of many of Hamlet’s religious elements. Through his religious references and the resulting emphasis on the gravity of the sins of murder and suicide, Shakespeare clarifies the contradictoryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1137 Words   |  5 PagesAt the very beginning Shakespeare could not have been a Catholic even if he wanted to, because Queen Elizabeth I had outlawed Catholicism during her reign. That being said, I can also use q uotes and historical facts to solidify my basis of belief that Shakespeare was a protestant either through forced beliefs or in his own beliefs shown in the play. In the play, â€Å"Hamlet†, by Shakespeare there are specific quotes that show certain beliefs that only a Protestant would have. In the very beginning, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Elizabethan Era And Shakespeares Hamlet807 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare incorporates aspects of that time in order to engage the audience. Hamlet’s soliloquy in act four scene four, lines 33-66, targets the original Elizabethan audience by displaying cultural, social and economic aspects of that time period. In order to engage the audience, Shakespeare incorporates a large portion of the Elizabethan culture, which is religion. Throughout the play, there are countless references to the religion of Christianity and God. The

Music Censorship Free Essays

Kevin Ung Professor Vazquez English 101 October 9, 2007 Music Censorship I enjoy and love music very much. I feel that music artists should have the right to freely express their work and I feel that I should argue about the censorship attacks on these artists. I’m tired of listening to a good song on the radio with some of the words censored. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now It ruins the song and I can’t stand it. Some people think that rap is a bad influence and causes the young to behave badly.But I think all this censoring has something to do with racism because it is mostly black people singing the songs. The first website list the good side and bad side of rap censorship. I think half of this site is pretty good to use for my paper. The second website has a lot of information for my readers but the author has no definite side on the issue and can’t be used to persuade my readers. The last two websites are essays about censorship and wouldn’t be good sources of information for my readers because some of the sources might not be trustable.We must stop the censoring of art and let the artists freely express their music because everyone deserves to express him or herself the way they want. â€Å"Gangsta Rap, Censorship of: Debatabase – Debate Topics and Debate Motions† http://www. idebate. org/debatabase/topic_details. php? topicID=263 This website is sponsored by IDEA (International Debate Education Association). It is an independent membership organization. I think this website is appropriate for college level argument research essay because it provides information on both sides of an issue.This site contains many debates on almost any issue. It lists the pros and cons on how rap music doesn’t actually encourage some listeners to behave in a certain way. Since this website shows both sides of the issue, it can help me or hurt me in convincing my readers. â€Å"Rap, Rock, and Censorship†, http://www. cas. sc. edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zzcens97. htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This page’s sponsor is by a man named Mathieu Deflem. The sponsor is appropriate because he is an associate professor of sociology at University of South Carolina.He has done a lot of research on the issue with many sources and seems reliable. Some of the information on this page is helpful for my readers to understand the issue. He writes about the history and arguments of censorship of popular music. He writes about the legal principles, the law, and mainly the protection of the First Amendment. This site will just be a good information page on understanding the history of the fight on music censorship. Some of the facts are useful for my research but the author doesn’t pick one side of the issue. Censorship of rap music essays†,. html This website is an essay database that requires you to buy membership to fully view essays that other students turned in. I couldn’t find any information on sponsors. I don’t think this site is appropriate for college level argument research essay because you can’t trust the information on these essays. This site is mainly for people to buy the essays and then plagiarize the work. Much of the information I can find on this page is an introduction to censorship of rap.It starts off talking about how rap music is made by rap artists that grew up with a tough childhood. They work on music and become successful. They are perfect role models showing everyone that anyone in that kind of situation can be successful. The essay ends there and you have to pay to see the rest. This paper is of no use to my readers and I because I want to use trustable facts from educated people and not just some unknown author. â€Å"Rap and Censorship†,. php This website seems to be another essay paper database.I don’t think this site is appropriate for reasons mention above. But this site is a little better because I can actually view the whole essay plus the sources the person used. This makes the paper more reliable. This paper mostly shows the beginnings of how rap got started and the troubles of censoring it went through. The writer does seem to be against censorship but this paper is mainly just facts for the reader and not that much persuasive. I would recommend my readers to read this for the freedom issues the write discusses about. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) would be appropriate for my readers to contact. ACLU is a political organization that is nonprofit and nonpartisan. They have many civil liberties members and supporters. They protect individual rights, your First Amendment rights, your right to equal protection under the law, etc. Censorship goes against your freedom of speech and so they try and protect that from music artists who are having their work censored. The strongest piece of information I have discovered from this aspect of my research came from reading the paper on the second website.I read about how PMRC (Parents Music Resource Center) claimed that popular music was responsible for influencing the young like increase of rape, crime, suicide, etc. This organization goes against everything I’m fighting for and is the main problem in this issue. I would absolutely not use any of their information for my argument research paper.Works Cited â€Å"Censorship of Rap Music. † MegaEssays. Mega Essays LLC. 8 Oct. 2007 . htmlDeflem, Mathieu. Rap, Rock And Censorship: Popular Culture and the Techologies of Justice. † RAP, ROCK AND CENSORSHIP. University of South Carolina 8 Oct. 2007 lt; http://www. cas. sc. edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zzcens97. htmgt; Kingdingo5500. â€Å"Rap and Censorship. † PlanetPapers. 8 Oct. 2007 lt; . phpgt; Ruane, Christopher. â€Å"Gangsta Rap, Censorship of. † Debatabase. Nov. 30, 1999. International Debate Education Association. 8 Oct. 2007 lt; http://www. idebate. org/debatabase/topic_details. php? topicID=263gt; How to cite Music Censorship, Papers Music Censorship Free Essays Unit 3 Individual Project By Harold Ray Robinson III Cause and Effect Essay: Music Censorship Abstract: This cause and effect essay analyzes the lyrical content of popular music recordings, cited as censored. Out of 60 articles from the music trade magazines, â€Å"Billboard† and â€Å"Rolling Stone,† 77 instances of censorship were recorded and analyzed. The categories for evaluation were the year of citation, music style, and reason for censorship. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nineteen ninety was the year with the highest number of journal articles (21) covering music censorship. Rap (48%) and rock (44. 2%) music accounted for a large portion of the total censored recordings and the majority of recordings were censored because of lyrics seen as explicit, profane, obscene or vulgar. In addition, five rock recordings were censored because of objectionable artwork on or inside the covers. Recordings were also censored because of opposition to a view the artist expressed. Two tables depict the years of citation and the reasons for censorship, each according to music styles. (Anthony K. S 1995) Music has historically been, and continues to be, censored in an attempt to enforce morality. It’s not a coincidence that music censorship in America began to accelerate during the 1950s, when traditional and conservative values began to unravel. At the time, order, strict obedience to authority, and conservative values were part of the accepted mindset. (Lambordi, Victor 1991) With the advent of rock ‘n’ roll, however, young America began to loosen attitudes on issues relating to morality. Technology also played an important part in shaping the moral power struggle in the 1950s. Lambordi, Victor 1991) For example, the 1920s era saw similar complaints against flappers and jazz musicians; however, radio wasn’t as dominant at that time. In the 1950s, radio provided access to new types of music that challenged traditional morality and created the dynamics for music censorship. (Lambordi, Victor 1991) In 1956, Elvis may have been known as â€Å"the king or roc k and roll,† but he was very controversial in his performances and mannerisms in the 1950’s. Ray Charles would also have a very controversial history when it comes to releasing music. Being one of the first artists to urn gospel music to RB made him his music censored and many of the southern states back in December of 1954. A lot of the artists of the 1950s paved the way in the starting of music censorship. Moral authorities aim to determine what behavior is â€Å"acceptable† for individuals and for society. Drugs, violence, and especially sex are topics moral authorities attempt to regulate. The end of the 1950s witnessed many members of society, particularly young adults and teens begin expressing new attitudes about these topics: Sex and drugs were no longer hidden and secretive acts, but something to be exposed and celebrated. This shift in outlook began breaking down the traditional moral order in many aspects of society especially music. Race may seem a strange factor in music censorship, but it has played a significant role. In particular, the 1950s and early 1960s saw a new genre of music — rhythm and blues — emerge onto the national music landscape. (Nuzum, Eric 1989) RB music included freely expressed sexual desires, clear drug references, and other features that were not as prevalent in other forms of popular music. RB was – and still is—dominated by black musicians and traditionally was enjoyed mainly by black audiences. Nuzum, Eric 1989) When its audience expanded to include mainstream white youths and young adults, this was a problem for many older whites who considered RB music as a threat that corrupted young people and promoted immoral behavior. (Nuzum, Eric 1989) This phenomenon prompted moral authorities to take action. In 1955, for example, Houston’s Juven ile Delinquency and Crime Commission banned more than 30 songs – many by black artists. A Chicago radio station promised to censor â€Å"any controversial music, especially RB,† after receiving letters from angry listeners. Sparrow, Kelly 2009) Racially motivated music censorship is not a practice limited to the past. More recent cases involve MTV refusing to air videos from many black artists in the infancy of the network. In 1983, during a live interview, David Bowie suddenly asked, â€Å"Why are there practically no black artists on the network? † (â€Å"Why it Took MTV So Long†2006) Michael Jackson’s â€Å"Billie Jean† from the album Thriller, released in 1983, is credited with being the first black video aired on MTV in heavy rotation. â€Å"Why it Took MTV So Long† 2006) The year with the highest number of cited recordings was 1990, and the majority of these recordings were rock music. In the following years, almost all of the c ensored recordings were rap music. (Anthony K. S. 1995) â€Å"The largest number of recordings, mostly rap music, were censored either because they were labeled â€Å"explicit† or because they were profane, obscene, or vulgar in language. (Anthony K. S. 1995) The argument can be made that racial motivations also played a large role in the FBI’s 1989 letter to the rap group N. W. A. (Nuzum, Eric 1989) The F. B. I. s intent was to notify the rap group that their song â€Å"F*** Tha Police† wasn’t appreciated by the government. N. W. A. supporters argue the group was only expressing the frustrations of inner-city blacks and holding a mirror to their everyday reality. While no legal action took place, the example helps give context to the pressures behind government and music censorship. It is my personal believe that music censorship to some may go against their freedom of speech but to me I believe it is necessary for those individual artist who do feel th at they have limits and have to be politically correct. A lot of kids look up to those rappers and rock stars as role models and music censorship helps the artist become that good role model. In conclusion, I believe music censorship is a very important part in our community and should always remain. Music censorship may stem from race, fear, and morality just to name a few sources of censorship. I believe even though music censorship didn’t always start off by just means in the past doesn’t mean it isn’t just in the present. References: retrieved from AIU virtual library * Anthony, K. S. (1995, July 1). Censorship of Popular Music: An Analysis of Lyrical Content. * Inglis, Ian. (2006). The Ed Sullivan Show and the (Censored) Sounds of the Sixties. Vol. 39 Issue 4 * Edward J. Volz, â€Å"You Can’t Play That: A Selective Chronology of Banned Music:1850-1991,† School Library Journal 37(July 1990) * Lombardi, Victor. â€Å"Music and Censorship. † Noise Between Stations. 1 Dec. 1991. 22 Sep. 2009 †¹http://www. noisebetweenstations. com/personal/essays/music_censorship. html†º. * -Nuzum, Eric. â€Å"A Brief History of Banned Music in the United States by Eric Nuzum. Parental Advisory Music Censorship in America. 22 Sep. 1986 †¹www. ericnuzum. com/banned/†º. * -Sparrow, Kelly. â€Å"Music censorship (part 1) : A brief history. † Examiner: Inside Source For Everything Local. 22 Sep. 2009 †¹http://www. examiner. com/x-16046-Lexington-Live-Music-Examiner~y2009m8d26-Music-censorship-part-1–A-brief-history†º. * -â€Å"Why It Too k MTV So Long To Play Black Music Videos . † Find Articles at BNET. 9 Oct. 2006. 22 Sep. 2009 †¹http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_110/ai_n16807343/†º. How to cite Music Censorship, Papers

Misleading Advertisement free essay sample

In Australia’s ever growing business economy, contracts are becoming more evident in enforcing promises between parties. From contracts involving informal agreements (buying food from your local supermarket) to written documents concerning a legally binding agreement (buying and selling a block of land), contracts are in practically every concordat. The legal restrictions in relation to contract law are unclear with regards to company advertisement campaigns. The legal definition of misleading advertisements is undefined within the current Queensland Legislation, with businesses being unsure with how misleading differs from invitation to treat and puffery. This speech will therefore assess these legal terms, discuss how the punitive damages are inconsistent between cases and portray how the punishments aren’t deterring companies from producing misleading advertisement campaigns. Therefore portraying the inefficiencies within the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth), whilst providing a recommendation to improve the current contractual legislation. The legislation in relation to misrepresentation has been a controversial topic for years, becoming more efficient only in recent times within Australia. With significant alterations to the Trade Practices Act (1974) (Cth), it was renamed under the title Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth). Australian Consumer Law (Cth) is encompassed within the act under schedule 2, producing equality within terms of contract and consumer law within Australia. This new legislation is enforced by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), an independent regulatory body put in place by the Government. Covering the enforcement roles of the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) and a range of additional legislations within Australia (About the ACCC, 2011). The legislation covers all variations of advertisements including newspapers, television adverts and Internet sources to name a few. Amendments upon the Trade Practices Act (1974) (Cth) were enforced to produce a single, national law to protect consumers and ensure fair-trading in Australia. The ACL introduced new consumer protections, a national product safety system and a range of new enforcement powers for the ACCC. Producing some clarity understanding of misleading advertisement laws for both Australian consumers and businesses. Implementing breaches of $1. 1 million dollars for corporations and $220 000 for individuals. Whilst at the same time, the ACL introduced new remedies involving public warning notices and infringement notices (Amending Legislation, 2011). In return improving the overall effectiveness of misleading advertisement laws and regulations within Australia. The first issue is in relation to consumers and business organisations being somewhat unclear as to the difference between the contract law terms: misleading advertisement, puffery and invitation to treat, causing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) to be unclear and inefficient. Invitation to treat originates from the Latin phrase invitatio ad offerendum meaning ‘inviting an offer’. In other words classified as an expression of willingness to negotiate. Puffery refers to the advertisements that rely upon exaggerations and opinions with little credible evidence to support its obnoxious claims. Whilst misleading advertisement refers to the deliberate use of false or misleading material to negatively influence the public. These contract law terms are closely linked causing confusion within the courts, consumers and also business organisations. For example, there is no legal distinction between puffery and misleading advertisements, however puffery has received some latitude to advertisers and sellers (Advertising and Selling, 2007). However as the community has different beliefs and opinions, some puffery statements could be classed as misleading, causing conflicts within courts between the two parties. Whilst at the same time, invitation to treat negotiations can be classed as misleading towards consumers causing conflict between the parties. More structure and clarity is required within the legislation to remove the controversy between contract law terms. The Second issue is in relation to punitive punishments being inconsistent between cases within Australia, causing inefficiencies within the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth). Punishments awarded vary significantly for misleading advertisements, from $850 000 against Metricon Queensland to $3. 6 million upon the famous phone company Optus. For a company as successful as Metricon Queensland, an $850 000 fine wouldn’t leave a dent on the company, due to the fact that each of the advertised houses were valued at $307 483 (Metricon QLD Nailed for Misleading and Deceptive Conduct, 2012). Compared to a $3. 6 million fine which would be a wake up call for Optus, however the punishment is still less than 1% of the overall annual profit for the successful phone company (Battersby, 2012). Both of these successful organisations were repeat offenders, with Optus offending 11 times and Metricon Queensland misleading consumers throughout various times in 2009 and 2011. There are various cases where the punitive punishments are varied upon different companies similar to that of the Optus and Metricon Queensland cases, whilst at the same time enforcing insignificant punishments towards large businesses. The Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) needs to be amended to restrict inconsistencies between misleading advertisement cases. The third issue involves large organisations still receiving profit after large punitive punishments are implemented, causing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) to be ineffective with enforcing misleading advertisement regulations. This is evident with Nissan after they were ordered to pay $20 000 in penalties for making a number of misleading representations towards the public. A single car sold by Nissan Australia is generally worth more than $20 000, causing the fine to be miniscule towards the overall profit and wellbeing of the company. Causing Nissan Australia to benefit financially from the misleading conduct portrayed throughout their advertisement campaigns (McCowen, 2012). Harvey Norman was also slammed with $1. 25 million in punishments for severe misleading advertisement campaigns in 2011 (Mallya, 2011). However Harvey Normans profit rose 9% in the same year, totalling a profit of $252 million. Portraying that the $1. 25 million punishment is equivalent to less than 1% of Harvey Norman’s total earnings for the year (Harvey Norman Profits up 9 per cent, 2011). Portraying that punitive punishments are not financially disadvantaging large organisations, forcing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) to be inefficient in deterring misleading advertisement cases. Many methods can be implemented within the current legislation to improve and reduce misleading advertising cases within Australia. With analysis of these three issues revolving around the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth), it is believed that for any reduction in misleading advertisement cases to occur, the following recommendations should be considered and implemented. Firstly, the contract law legislation in relation to misleading advertisements needs to become more clear and efficient with the contract law terms. Providing clarity in terms of invitation to treat and also speculating the difference between puffery and misleading advertisement. Ensuring that business owners clearly understand that a ‘normal’ person viewing their advertisement campaign is required to fully understand the terms and conditions of any contractual agreement. Therefore reducing the significant amount of misrepresentation cases within Australia. Secondly, to enforce equity upon all misleading advertisement cases, a certain value or percentage of a company’s annual income should be implemented as punishment. This will create consistent punitive punishments across the board, creating not one single fine, which is either to, insignificant or too large. A figure around 5% of a company’s annual profit would be a stiff reminder to both small and large organisations to not mislead the public through means of advertisement campaigns. The only way to deter organisations from misleading the public, is to set significant penalties which will in return affect the net profit of large companies. This can be seen in Switzerland and Finland where the countries calculate there speeding fines by 5% of the defendants overall income. Causing reduction in speeding cases within these countries, due to the increased punitive punishments (Bellemare, 2013).

Sample Assignment with APA Referencing Style

Introduction Obesity has emerged as the most pressing nutritional problem facing the developed world. This trend has occurred over a relatively short period of time; in the United States, it appears to have begun in the last quarter of the 20th century. The epidemic in children followed shortly thereafter. The most recent data (19992000) from national surveys in the United States suggest that almost two thirds of the adult population is overweight, and almost one third is obese (Flegal et.al, 2002). In children, current estimates (19992000) put the prevalence of overweight at 15%, a threefold increase over the past 30 years (Ogden et.al, 2002, 32). Although this epidemic has spared no subgroup of the population and has been documented in individuals of all ages and racial/ethnic and socioeconomic subgroups, the problem is greatest in minority populations and among persons living in poverty. Obesity is a global public health problem, affecting virtually every region of the world with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa. Discussion Identification The World Health Organization (WHO, 2000) defines obesity as a condition of abnormal or excess accumulation of adipose tissue (body fat) to an extent that an individual's health may be impaired. Because the precise measurement of adipose tissue requires invasive laboratory measures, in the population context, a simpler measure on which to base an obesity definition is required. Although imperfect, the Body Mass Index (BMI), defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, has been adopted by consensus in the United States by the National Institutes of Health (NIH, 1998) and the Centers; for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and internationally by WHO (2000). Consensus definitions of overweight and obesity have been set at 25 (overweight) and 30 (obesity), with severity classes of obesity defined as follows: overweight, 25.0 to 29.9; Class I obesity, 30.0 to 34.9; Class II obesity, 35.0 to 39.9; and Class III obesity, 40.0+. The WHO (2000) terminology differs slightly, but the cutoff points are the same. As explained by Gere (1998, 20) In growing children, in whom weight and height are both changing (and at different rates), the definition of obesity is inherently more complicated. Although no universally agreed on standard exists for assessing overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, there is a growing consensus that BMI should be adopted as an indirect measure of adiposity for children and adolescents, as well (Barlow Dietz, 1998). Because BMI varies substantially by age and gender during childhood and adolescence, the specific BMI cutoffs used to classify obesity must be gender- and age-specific and must be referenced against a standard. In the United States, the standard used is the CDC Revised Growth Reference (Barlow Dietz, 1998). Internationally, several standards (Cole et.al, 1995; Ogden et al., 2002), including one based on a pooled international sample (Cole et.al, 2000), are also in use. Several periods in development have been proposed as critical periods in the development of persistent obesity and its comorbid consequences. These include the prenatal period (when intrauterine exposures may influence adiposity), early childhood, and adolescence. Some evidence suggests that breast-feeding may protect against later obesity. Likelihood of persistence in adulthood of obesity from childhood is related both to age at onset and severity. Sequelae Childhood obesity has a number of immediate, intermediate, and long-term health consequences (Must Strauss, 1999). These include classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipid levels, and impaired glucose tolerance. Respiratory conditions include sleep-disordered breathing. In addition, early menarche and menstrual abnormalities are linked to overweight. Of particular concern is the emergence of type 2 diabetes, once considered an adult-onset disease, as a disease of childhood. The psychological impact may represent one of the most damaging effects of obesity given that stigmatization and social isolation may result in lower self-esteem and depression. In a recently replicated classic study, children were asked to rank order a series of drawings of children with various handicaps (crutches, wheelchair, missing a hand, facial disfigurement, obesity) based on which child they would like best (Latnerm Stunkard, 2003). The obese child was ranked last irrespective of the ranking child's sex, race, socioeconomic status, living environment, and own disability. In another study, ratings of quality of life for children with obesity were similar to those of children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer (Schwimmer et.al, 2003, p.12). Although obesity in adulthood that has been present from childhood may carry an additional burden due to increased severity, much adult obesity arises through adult weight gain. The health consequences of obesity present in adulthood are enormous, both in magnitude and impact on quality of life. In developing its clinical guidelines, the NIH report identified an extensive list of health conditions for which obesity increased risk. These include hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, many cancers, and depression (NIH, 1998). The number of deaths per year in the United States attributable to obesity has been estimated at about 300,000. Risk Factors In all persons, child or adult, obesity arises due to energy imbalance: When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, most of the excess calories are stored as adipose tissue. To give rise to obesity, energy imbalance must occur over a long period of time and likely reflects a combination of factors. Individual behaviors, environmental factors, and heredity, singly and in combination, contribute to the development of obesity. The rapidity with which the obesity epidemic emerged rules out simple genetic explanations. The current environment in the United States has been characterized as obesogenic, meaning that it promotes high energy intakes and low energy expendituresthe energy imbalance that gives rise to weight gain. Modern industrialized societies provide abundant, relatively inexpensive food; modern life is organized to reduce energy expenditure at work and at home, through technology and urbanization. For a species that evolved to store fat in times of plenty in order to survi ve in leaner times, many individuals are genetically susceptible to gain weight in the current environment. Excessive energy intake is a primary risk factor for the development of childhood and adult obesity, although the specific aspects of intake responsible are controversial. Dietary factors, such as diet composition, energy density, fat intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, snacks, sugar-rich foods, and soft drinks, have all been identified in association with obesity. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables can help reduce the intake of dietary fat and calories because they are naturally low in fat and energy density compared with other foods. Despite current recommendations that individuals over the age of 2 years consume 2 to 4 servings of fruits and 3 to 5 servings of vegetables daily, children and adolescents eat an average of only 3.6 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, and fried potatoes account for a large proportion of those servings. A number of other dietary variables, including soft drinks, snacking, portion sizes, and infant feeding have also been linked t o childhood obesity. Studies suggest that the increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, snack foods (which are often high in fat or/and sugar), and large-sized portions of foods have contributed to the increase in energy intakes. Physical Activity Reduced physical activity may be the most important factor in explaining the increase of obesity over the past two decades. Physical activity among U.S. youth is in decline, with nearly half of young people aged 12 to 21 reporting that they do not engage in vigorous physical activity regularly and one fourth reporting no vigorous physical activity. Whereas leisure time physical activity has increased in men and remained constant in women over the past four decades in the United States, activity associated with work and home life has declined over the same period. Sedentary behavior and inactivity, such as watching television and playing video/computer games, also are contributory factors. Gortmaker et al. (1996) reported an adjusted-odds ratio (OR) for obesity of 8.3 for adolescents who watched TV more than 5 hours per day compared with those who watched 0 to 2 hours. Compelling evidence comes from intervention studies, which show that reducing TV viewing time can help prevent childh ood obesity. Adults in a trial of maintenance following weight loss sustained their losses best when physical activity was high and television viewing was low (van Baak et.al, 2003). TV watching may promote obesity by reducing physical activity, lowering metabolic rate, and increasing energy intake. The latter may occur due to the fact that TV viewing may be associated with snacking and may moderate eating habits generally through greater exposure to advertising of foods high in added sugars and fat or by conveying mixed messages about lifestyle and health in the content of advertisements. TV viewing is a major source of inactivity among Americans. Screen time, a summary measure of time spent viewing television and videos and engaged in computer-based activity, represents the largest proportion of nonsleep, nonschool time for youth (www.nytimes.com). Conclusion Obesity has emerged as the major nutritional problem facing the pediatric and adult populations worldwide. The etiology of obesity is multifactorial and includes individual risk factors, genetic influences, and environmental effectors. The severity of the problem, in terms of immediate and long-term health consequences to physical and psychological health, suggests it is a problem that will dominate the public health agenda in the 21st century.